Funny Facts About Gempei War Facts About Gempei War

Conflict between the Minamoto and Taira clans of feudal Nippon (1180–85)

Genpei War (Jishō-Juei War)
Role of Minamoto–Taira association disputes of late Heian period
Scene of the Genpei War
Date 1180–1185 Location Japan Effect Minamoto clan victory; Kamakura shogunate established
Belligerents
Minamoto clan (Yoritomo)	Taira association	Minamoto clan (Yoshinaka)
Commanders and leaders
Minamoto no Yoritomo Minamoto no Yoshitsune	Taira no Munemori Taira no Shigehira Taira no Tomomori †	Minamoto no Yoshinaka † Imai Kanehira †

The Genpei War ( 源平合戦 , Genpei kassen, Genpei gassen ) (1180–1185) was a national civil war^[ane] betwixt the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late-Heian catamenia of Japan. It resulted in the downfall of the Taira and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who appointed himself as Shōgun in 1192, governing Japan as a war machine dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura.

It followed a insurrection d'état by the Taira in 1179 with the removal of rivals from all government posts, and subsequently banishing them, and a call to arms confronting the Taira, led by the Minamoto in 1180. The ensuing Boxing of Uji took place but outside Kyoto, starting a five-year-long war, concluding with a decisive Minamoto victory in the naval Battle of Dan-no-ura. However, information technology has been pointed out that the Battle of Ōshū in 1189 was the last boxing during this period of civil state of war, as information technology completed Yoritomo's nationwide domination through the annexation of Northeast Japan.

The proper noun "Genpei" (sometimes romanized as Gempei) comes from alternate readings of the kanji "Minamoto" (源 Gen) and "Taira" (平 Hei, pronounced as the second element in some compounds equally -pei). The conflict is too known in Japanese as the Jishō-Juei War ( 治承寿永の乱 , Jishō-Juei no ran ),^{[2] [3]} after the two Royal eras betwixt which it took place. The term Genpei kassen is sometimes used in Japan, but information technology has been argued that it is non appropriate to use the term "Genpei" for this war.

Background [edit]

The Heiji rebellion (1159) and the subsequent rising of the Taira were the master cause of the Genpei State of war twenty years later.

The Genpei War was the culmination of a decades-long conflict between the two aforementioned clans over dominance of the Imperial court and, past extension, control of Japan. In the Hōgen Rebellion^[iv] and in the Heiji Rebellion^[5] of earlier decades, the Minamoto attempted to regain control from the Taira and failed.^{[6] : 255–259}

In 1180, Taira no Kiyomori put his grandson Antoku (and so only 2 years of age) on the throne after the abdication of Emperor Takakura. Emperor Get-Shirakawa's son Mochihito felt that he was being denied his rightful identify on the throne and, with the help of Minamoto no Yorimasa, sent out a telephone call to arms to the Minamoto clan and Buddhist monasteries in May. However, this plot concluded with the deaths of Yorimasa and Mochihito.^[6]

In June 1180, Kiyomori moved the seat of majestic power to Fukuhara-kyō, "his immediate objective seems to accept been to get the imperial family under his close charge."^{[6] : 284}

Beginnings of the war [edit]

The Phoenix Hall of the Byōdō-in, where Yorimasa committed seppuku

The actions of Taira no Kiyomori having deepened Minamoto hatred for the Taira association, a telephone call for arms was sent upwards by Minamoto no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito. Not knowing who was behind this rally, Kiyomori called for the arrest of Mochihito, who sought protection at the temple of Mii-dera. The Mii-dera monks were unable to ensure him sufficient protection, so he was forced to motion along. He was and then chased by Taira forces to the Byōdō-in, just outside Kyoto. The war began thus, with a dramatic encounter on and around the span over the River Uji. This boxing ended in Yorimasa's ritual suicide within the Byōdō-in and Mochihito'south capture and execution shortly afterwards.^{[6] : 277–281 [7]}

It was at this indicate that Minamoto no Yoritomo took over leadership of the Minamoto association and began traveling the land seeking to rendezvous with allies. Leaving Izu Province and heading for the Hakone Pass, he was defeated by the Taira in the battle of Ishibashiyama.^{[6] : 289} However he successfully made it to the provinces of Kai and Kōzuke, where the Takeda and other friendly families helped repel the Taira army. Meanwhile, Kiyomori, seeking vengeance against the Mii-dera monks and others, besieged Nara and burnt much of the city to the ground.^[8]

Fighting continued the following year, 1181. Minamoto no Yukiie was defeated by a force led by Taira no Shigehira at the Battle of Sunomatagawa. Even so, the "Taira could not follow up their victory."^{[6] : 292}

Taira no Kiyomori died from illness in the spring of 1181, and effectually the same time Japan began to suffer from a dearth which was to terminal through the following year. The Taira moved to attack Minamoto no Yoshinaka, a cousin of Yoritomo who had raised forces in the north, simply were unsuccessful. For nearly two years, the war ceased, just to resume in the spring of 1183.^{[half dozen] : 287, 293}

Turning of the tide [edit]

In 1183, the Taira loss at the Battle of Kurikara was then astringent that they found themselves, several months later, under siege in Kyoto, with Yoshinaka approaching the urban center from the north and Yukiie from the e. Both Minamoto leaders had seen little or no opposition in marching to the capital and now forced the Taira to abscond the city. Taira no Munemori, head of the association since his father Kiyomori's death, led his army, along with the young Emperor Antoku and the Imperial regalia, to the due west. The cloistered emperor Go-Shirakawa defected to Yoshinaka. Go-Shirakawa then issued a mandate for Yoshinaka to "bring together with Yukiie in destroying Munemori and his army".^{[6] : 293–294}

In 1183, Yoshinaka once again sought to gain control of the Minamoto clan by planning an set on on Yoritomo, while simultaneously pursuing the Taira westward. The Taira set up up a temporary Court at Dazaifu in Kyūshū, the southernmost of Nippon'southward main islands. They were forced out soon afterward by local revolts instigated by Get-Shirakawa, and moved their Courtroom to Yashima. The Taira were successful in beating off an attack by Yoshinaka's pursuing forces at the Boxing of Mizushima.^{[vi] : 295–296}

Yoshinaka conspired with Yukiie to seize the capital letter and the Emperor, possibly even establishing a new Court in the north. Withal, Yukiie revealed these plans to the Emperor, who communicated them to Yoritomo. Betrayed by Yukiie, Yoshinaka took command of Kyoto and, at the kickoff of 1184, ready burn down to the Hōjūjidono, taking the Emperor into custody. Minamoto no Yoshitsune arrived shortly afterwards with his brother Noriyori and a considerable force, driving Yoshinaka from the metropolis. Later on fighting his cousins at the span over the Uji, Yoshinaka made his final stand up at Awazu, in Ōmi Province. He was defeated past Yoshitsune, and killed while attempting to flee.^{[6] : 296–297}

Final stages [edit]

Duel between Taira no Atsumori (left) and Kumagai Naozane

As the united Minamoto forces left Kyoto, the Taira began consolidating their position at a number of sites in and around the Inland Sea, which was their ancestral dwelling territory. They received a number of missives from the Emperor offering that if they surrendered by the seventh day of the second calendar month, the Minamoto could exist persuaded to agree to a truce. This was a farce, as neither the Minamoto nor the Emperor had any intentions of waiting until the eighth day to attack. Nevertheless, this tactic offered the Emperor a gamble to regain the Regalia and to distract the Taira leadership.^{[6] : 297}

The Minamoto army, led by Yoshitsune and Noriyori, made their first major assault at Ichi-no-Tani, one of the primary Taira camps on Honshū. The camp was attacked from ii directions by Yoshitsune and Noriyori, and the Taira not killed or captured retreated to Yashima. All the same, the Minamoto were non prepared to assail Shikoku; a six-month pause thus ensued during which the Minamoto took the proper steps. Though on the retreat, the Taira enjoyed the distinct advantages of being in friendly, home territories, and of being far more than proficient at naval combat than their rivals.^{[6] : 297–299}

It was non until nearly a year after the battle of Ichi-no-Tani that the main Taira forcefulness at Yashima came under set on. Seeing Yoshitsune's bonfires in their rear, the Taira had not expected a land-based attack and took to their ships. This was a deceptive ploy on the role of the Minamoto, however. The Taira improvised imperial palace brutal, and many escaped along with the Imperial regalia and the Emperor Antoku.^{[vi] : 301–302}

The Genpei War came to an terminate one month later, following the battle of Dan-no-ura, one of the about famous and significant battles in Japanese history. The Minamoto engaged the Taira fleet in the Straits of Shimonoseki, a tiny trunk of water separating the islands of Honshū and Kyūshū. The tides played a powerful role in the development of the boxing, granting the reward first to the Taira, who were more than experienced and abler sailors, and later to the Minamoto. The Minamoto reward was considerably enhanced by the defection of Taguchi, a Shikoku warrior who went over to the Minamoto side in the center of the action. Many of the Taira nobles perished, along with Emperor Antoku and the widow of Kiyomori.^{[half dozen] : 302–303 [nine]}

Consequences of the Genpei State of war [edit]

The defeat of the Taira armies meant the end of Taira "say-so at the capital". In December 1185, Go-Shirakawa granted to Yoritomo the power to collect taxes, and "appoint stewards and constables in all provinces". Finally, in 1192, after Go-Shirakawa's death, Yoritomo was granted the royal commission Sei-i Tai Shōgun. This was the beginning of a feudal state in Japan, with real power now in Kamakura. Yet, Kyoto remained the "seat of national anniversary and ritual."^{[half dozen] : 304, 318, 331}

Aftermath [edit]

The end of the Genpei War and beginning of the Kamakura shogunate marked the rise to ability of the warrior form (samurai) and the gradual suppression of the ability of the emperor, who was compelled to govern without constructive political or military power, being effectively reduced to a purely symbolical and ceremonial caput of country, until the Meiji Restoration over 650 years later, though there was a brusk-lived attempt to restore majestic rule in the 1330s, the Kenmu Restoration.

In addition, this war and its backwash established reddish and white, the colors of the Taira and Minamoto standards, respectively, as Japan'south national colors.^{[ citation needed ]} Today, these colors tin can be seen on the flag of Japan, and also in banners and flags in sumo and other traditional activities.

Definition [edit]

Extent [edit]

Information technology has been pointed out that the Battle of Ōshū fought betwixt the Kamakura regime and the Northern Fujiwara in 1189 was in fact the last battle during this menstruation of civil war,^{[10] [xi]} as it completed Yoritomo's nationwide domination through the looting of Dewa and Mutsu Province, and that its finish marked the establishment of the first military regime, the Kamakura shogunate.^[12]

Name [edit]

The terms Genpei kassen (源平合戦), Genpei sōran (源平争乱) and Genpei no tatakai (源平の戦い) are sometimes used in Nippon, but it has been argued that it is not appropriate to use the term "Genpei" for this state of war, as it does not accurately represent the belligerents of the war. In fact, the head of the Minamoto clan at the fourth dimension was not a samurai but a court noble, and the first samurai to be the head of the clan was Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in the 14th century.^[13]

In reality, it was not exclusively a state of war betwixt the Minamoto clan and the Taira association, and there were many members of the Taira clan fighting on Minamoto association's side, every bit well as members of these 2 clans serving every bit court nobles at the Imperial Court that were not samurai and had nothing to do with the state of war. There is no record of whatsoever directly or indirect complicity or aid by the non-samurai Minamoto and Taira clan members to the war, and no record of any motive for their involvement exists.^[xiii]

Furthermore, the Battle of Ōshū was fought between Minamoto no Yoritomo and his last stiff enemy, the Northern Fujiwara, years after the Taira clan had been destroyed.^[14]

It is truthful that many members of the Minamoto clan, such as Takeda Nobuyoshi and Minamoto no Yoshinaka, rose to artillery against the Taira clan. In that location were likewise many who belonged to the Minamoto association, but who fought for the Taira clan considering they had a kinship or a duty to the Taira clan. Although the diverse Minamoto clans rose up simultaneously, not all of them were under the control of Minamoto no Yoritomo from the first. In fact, the actual Kawachi Genji had no single legitimate lineage, and fifty-fifty if we were to limit ourselves to the succession of Minamoto no Yoshiie, who was the representative samurai of the Kawachi Genji, it was not only Yoritomo who could accept claimed that position. Yoritomo was the heir of Yoshitomo, who had risen to that position by killing his begetter and younger brother during the Boxing of Ōkura in 1155. Yet, Minamoto no Yoshinaka, the heir of Minamoto no Yoshikata, and Yukiie, the younger blood brother of Yoshitomo and Yoshikata, could have claimed the position as well.^[13]

Battles [edit]

A sphere map on 1183 at Genpei State of war. However, it was not clearly divided in this mode, and there were conflicts among Genjis likewise every bit Tairas.

• 1180 Outset Battle of Uji – regarded as the first battle in the Genpei Wars, the monks of the Byōdōin fight alongside Minamoto no Yorimasa.
• 1180 Siege of Nara – the Taira set burn to temples and monasteries, to cut supplies to their rivals.
• 1180 Battle of Ishibashiyama – Minamoto no Yoritomo's kickoff battle confronting the Taira, who are victorious.
• 1180 Boxing of Fujikawa – the Taira mistake a flock of waterfowl for a sneak assault past the Minamoto in the night, and retreat before whatsoever fighting occurs.
• 1181 Battle of Sunomatagawa – the Taira thwart a sneak assault in the night merely retreat.
• 1181 Battle of Yahagigawa – the Minamoto, retreating from Sunomata, attempt to make a stand.
• 1183 Siege of Hiuchi – the Taira attack a Minamoto fortress.
• 1183 Battle of Kurikara – the tide of the war turns, in the Minamoto's favor.
• 1183 Battle of Shinohara – Yoshinaka pursues the Taira force from Kurikara
• 1183 Battle of Mizushima – the Taira intercept a Minamoto strength, heading for Yashima.
• 1183 Siege of Fukuryūji – the Minamoto attack a Taira fortress.
• 1183 Battle of Muroyama – Minamoto no Yukiie tries and fails to recoup the loss of the boxing of Mizushima.
• 1184 Siege of Hōjūjidono – Yoshinaka sets fire to the Hōjūji-dono and kidnaps Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
• 1184 2nd Battle of Uji – Yoshinaka is pursued out of the capital by Yoshitsune and Noriyori.
• 1184 Battle of Awazu – Minamoto no Yoshinaka is defeated and killed past Yoshitsune and Noriyori.
• 1184 Battle of Ichi-no-Tani – Minamoto no Yoshitsune attacks and drives the Taira from ane of their chief fortresses.
• 1184 Battle of Kojima – Taira fleeing Ichi-no-Tani are attacked by Minamoto no Noriyori.
• 1185 Boxing of Yashima – the Minamoto assault their enemies' fortress, just off Shikoku.
• 1185 Battle of Dan-no-ura – Minamoto no Yoshitsune decisively defeats Taira forces in naval boxing catastrophe the state of war.

Major figures [edit]

Minamoto Clan (also known every bit "Genji") [edit]

The Minamoto were ane of the 4 great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian menstruum (794-1185). They were, even so, decimated past the Taira in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160. Minamoto no Yoshitomo had been the head of the clan at this fourth dimension; upon his defeat at the hands of Taira no Kiyomori, two of his sons were killed and the third, Minamoto no Yoritomo, was banished. Following the telephone call to arms of Prince Mochihito and Minamoto no Yorimasa in 1180, the clan would get together together and rising to power once more. The Genpei state of war would come across the Minamoto association defeat the Taira and take command of the entire land.

• Minamoto no Noriyori (源範頼), general, younger blood brother of Yoritomo.
• Minamoto no Yorimasa (源頼政), caput of the clan at the offset of the war.
• Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝), caput of the association upon Yorimasa's death.
• Minamoto no Yoshitsune (源義経), younger brother of Yoritomo, chief full general of the clan.
• Minamoto no Yukiie (源行家), general, uncle to Yoritomo.
• Allies and vassals:
  • Emperor Go-Shirakawa (後白河), cloistered (retired) emperor.
  • Prince Mochihito (以仁王), Regal Prince.
  • Benkei (弁慶), sōhei (warrior monk), ally of Yoshitsune.
  • Hōjō Tokimasa (北条 時政), caput of the Hōjō association (北条), begetter-in-law of Yoritomo.
  • Kajiwara Kagetoki (梶原 景時), officially an ally of Yoshitsune, in fact a spy for Yoritomo.
  • Kumagai Naozane (熊谷 直実), vassal of Yoritomo.
  • Sasaki Moritsuna (佐々木 盛綱), vassal of Noriyori who commanded the attack at the boxing of Kojima.
  • Taguchi Shigeyoshi (田口 重能), Taira full general who turned to the Minamoto camp upon seeing the tide turn at the battle of Dan no Ura, thus ensuring Minamoto victory.
  • Nasu no Yoichi (那須与一), celebrated archer and Minamoto marry.
  • Yada Yoshiyasu (矢田 義康), vassal of Yoshinaka and commander of Minamoto forces at the battle of Mizushima.
  • The sōhei (warrior-monks) of Mii-dera and other temples. 3 in detail are mentioned in the Heike Monogatari for their part in the offset boxing of Uji:
    • Tsutsui Jōmyō Meishū (筒井 浄妙 明秀), who fought a last stand on the span over the Uji, taking over threescore arrows and even so fighting.
    • Gochi-in no Tajima (五智院 但馬), called Tajima the pointer-cutter, and famous for deflecting the Taira arrows with his naginata, upon the bridge over the Uji.
    • Ichirai Hoshi (一来 法師), who is famous for having jumped alee of Jōmyō Meishū and led the Mii-dera monks to battle.
• Partisans of Minamoto no Yoshinaka (源義仲), cousin of Yoritomo, who supported his rebellion:
  • Tomoe Gozen (巴 御前), a female person samurai warrior, wife of Yoshinaka.
  • Imai Kanehira (今井 兼平), who joined Yoshinaka in his escape to Seta.

Taira Association (also known as "Heike") [edit]

The Taira clan was ane of the four great clans which dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period (794–1185). As a result of the nigh-total devastation of their rival clan, the Minamoto, in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160, Taira no Kiyomori, head of the clan, initiated the Genpei State of war at the height of his power. The stop of the state of war, however, brought destruction to the Taira clan.

• Taira no Atsumori (平敦盛), young samurai killed by Kumagai Naozane who, because of his youth and innocence, became quite famous in death.
• Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛), caput of the clan at the kickoff of the war.
• Taira no Koremori (平維盛), grandson of Kiyomori.
• Taira no Munemori (平宗盛), son and heir of Kiyomori; head of the clan for much of the war.
• Taira no Noritsune (平教経), a Taira samurai.
• Taira no Shigehira (平重衡), general, son of Kiyomori.
• Taira no Tadanori (平忠度), full general, brother of Kiyomori.
• Taira no Tokiko (平時子), wife of Kiyomori who committed suicide at the battle of Dan-no-ura.
• Taira no Tomomori (平知盛), general, son of Kiyomori.
• Taira no Yukimori (平行盛), general, commander of the Taira forces at the battle of Kojima.
• Taira no Kagekiyo (平景清), a Taira samurai, adopted from the Fujiwara association.
• Allies and vassals:
  • Emperor Antoku (安徳), Emperor of Nihon and grandson of Taira no Kiyomori.
  • Ōba Kagechika (大庭景親), vassal of the Taira.
  • Saitō Sanemori (斎藤実盛), old vassal of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, switched sides and became a vassal of Taira no Munenori.
  • Senoo Kaneyasu (妹尾兼康), vassal of the Taira who commanded at the Fukuryūji fortress.
  • Taguchi Shigeyoshi (田口重能), Taira general who turned to the Minamoto camp upon seeing the tide turn at the battle of Dan no Ura, thus ensuring Minamoto victory.
  • The sōhei (warrior-monks) of Enryaku-ji (延暦寺), at least in theory, on business relationship of their rivalry with the Mii-dera sōhei, who were allied with the Minamoto.

In literature [edit]

Many stories and works of art depict this conflict. The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari, 平家物語) is the most famous, although many kabuki and bunraku plays reproduce events of the war as well. Ichinotani futaba gunki (Relate of the battle of Ichi-no-Tani) by Namiki Sōsuke may be one of the more than famous of these.

"Shike" past Robert Shea features a somewhat fictionalized account of the wars, as seen from the perspectives of his two main characters, the Zinja Monk Jebu, and the Noblewoman Lady Shima Taniko. The names of the two rival clans have been changed, "Minamoto" to "Muratomo" and "Taira" to "Takashi".

Another fictionalized account of the conflict forms the primal plot of Civil War (also known as Turbulent Times), the ninth volume of Osamu Tezuka's celebrated Phoenix serial.

The Genpei State of war is the backdrop for much of Katherine Patterson's young adult novel, Of Nightingales That Weep.

In popular culture [edit]

Literary fiction [edit]

The entire story of Yoshitsune has been told in a novel form by Pamela S. Turner in the volume Samurai Rising: The Epic Life of Minamoto Yoshitsune (2016).

Picture and television [edit]

• The science-communicating book Creation (1980) and subsequent television series Creation: A Personal Voyage (1980), presented by Carl Sagan, features the Genpei State of war in the 2d episode, "One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue", broadcast on v October 1980, as an introduction to discuss the phenomenon of the Heike Venereal.^[15]
• The disharmonize between the Genji and Heike gangs in the 2007 Japanese Western picture Sukiyaki Western Django mirrors that of the bodily Genpei war, albeit "a few hundred years after."

Games [edit]

• Cinemaware'south 1989 Amiga championship Lords of the Rising Sun features the Genpei war.
• On 21 September 2011, The Creative Assembly released a DLC pack for Total War: Shogun 2 entitled "Rise of the Samurai", which allows players to play as members of the Taira, the Minamoto, or the Fujiwara families. Through a complex arrangement of province building, diplomacy, enquiry, and gainsay, players tin can decide the outcome of the Genpei War for themselves.
• "The Forgotten", an expansion developed for Ensemble Studios'due south 1999 Age of Empires II which was released for free with 2013's Age of Empires II: Hd Edition included a scenario based loosely on the Battle of Kurikara. The player attacks five Taira princes before taking Kyoto.
• Namco's 1986 Arcade horror/fantasy Genpei Toumaden imagines the outcome of the Genpei State of war bringing an age of darkness to Japan, with a resurrected Taira no Kagekiyo tasked to defeat a demonic rendition of Minamoto no Yoritomo.

See also [edit]

• Kuroshima and Taijima, a fix of islands off the coast of Wakayama used as a naval base during the state of war
• Military history of Japan
• Outline of war
• Sanemori (Noh play)
• Sukiyaki Western Django, a film inspired past the events

References [edit]

1. ^ "...the Gempei conflict was a national civil state of war" Warrior Rule in Japan, page 2. Cambridge Academy Press.
2. ^ In the proper noun "Jishō-Juei War", the noun "Jishō" refers to the nengō (Japanese era proper noun) afterwards "Angen" and before "Yōwa." In other words, the Jishō-Juei War occurred during Jishō, which was a fourth dimension period spanning the years from 1177 through 1181.
3. ^ In the name "Jishō-Juei War", the noun "Juei" refers to the nengō (Japanese era name) after "Yōwa" and before "Genryaku." In other words, the Jishō-Juei War occurred during Juei, which was a time menstruation spanning the years from 1182 through 1184.
4. ^ In the name "Hōgen Rebellion", the noun "Hōgen" refers to the nengō (Japanese era proper noun) after "Kyūju" and earlier "Heiji." In other words, the Hōgen Rebellion occurred during Hōgen, which was a time menstruation spanning the years from 1156 through 1159.
5. ^ In the proper noun "Heiji Rebellion", the noun "Heiji" refers to the nengō (Japanese era name) afterward "Hōgen" and earlier "Eiryaku." In other words, the Heiji Rebellion occurred during Heiji, which was a fourth dimension period spanning the years from 1159 through 1160.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Sansom, George (1958). A History of Nihon to 1334 . Stanford University Press. pp. 275, 278–281. ISBN0804705232.
7. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 200. ISBN1854095234.
8. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1977). The Samurai, A Military History. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 48–50. ISBN0026205408.
9. ^ The Tales of the Heike . Translated past Burton Watson. Columbia Academy Press. 2006. p. 122, 142–143. ISBN9780231138031.
10. ^ Kawamura, Kazuhiko (2019). Chogen 重源. 川村 一彦. Rekishi Kenkyukai 歴史研究会. p. 45. ISBN978-4802095945.
11. ^ Kawai, Yasushi (2007). Chiiki shakai kara mita genpei gassen : fukuharakyō to ikuta no mori ichinotani gassen. Rekishi Shiryō Nettowāku, 歴史資料ネットワーク. Iwata Shoin. 生田森・一の谷合戦と地域社会. ISBN978-iv-87294-474-7. OCLC 259710721.
12. ^ Nippon dai hyakka zensho. Shōgakkan, 小学館. 2001. 奥州征伐. ISBN4-09-526001-7. OCLC 14970117. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
13. ^ ^{a b c} Kawai, Yasushi, July-; 川合康, July- (2019). Inseiki bushi shakai to Kamakura Bakufu. Tōkyō. ISBN978-4-642-02954-4. OCLC 1083622970.
14. ^ Maipedia shōhyakka jiten. Heibonsha. 1995. 奥州征伐. OCLC 38516410.
15. ^ Sagan, Carl (2011). Cosmos. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 42–45. ISBN9780307800985 . Retrieved xi Dec 2019.

External links [edit]

• Genpei War at Ancient History Encyclopedia
• Genpei State of war Map at Samurai Archives
• Shogun 2 by Sega

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genpei_War

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